Advanced Medical Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8000 words

Advanced Medical - Essay Example The blood-brain barrier is very selective in its functions and would normally not allow for the introduction of drugs or any other chemicals into the brain. There is a need for active transport processes which would call for the use of energy (Battison, et.al., 2005). Mannitol can open the barrier by reducing the size of the endothelial cells, and then also stretching the closed junctions. Water then would exit the cell and enter the artery in order to facilitate osmotic balance (Vialet, Albanese, Thomachot, and Antonini, 2003). Water loss would lead to cells shrinking. The opened gap would peak after five minutes following mannitol administration. At this point, drugs are introduced into the artery and the brain. The impact of mannitol in decreasing intracranial pressure has caused its widespread use in neurosurgery (Lawson, 2007). In general, the impact has been credited to the hyper-osmotic impact of mannitol which causes the extraction of water from the swollen brain. However, this pharmacological action has been put at issue due to different observations (Lawson, 2007). One is that there is a decrease in intracranial pressure prior to any reduction in white matter content. Another is based on the observation that where the intracranial pressure is significantly decreased, there is no major shift in the white water content (Cruz, Minoja, and Okuchi, 2001). Intracranial pressure also stays high even with a decrease in white matter water with the administration of intravenous albumin. Author Hartwell (1993) discussed that soon after mannitol has been transfused, there was a slight rise in white matter water content. This was followed by an eventual fall having lowest values manifesting afte r 60 minutes and with levels being much less than pre-mannitol infusion. With the introduction of evidence-based medicine, the impact of mannitol was soon questioned (Wani,

Loss Prevention Policies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Loss Prevention Policies - Assignment Example Fraud continues to increase alarmingly with each passing moment recording a new or even more sophisticated form of fraud. The situation is made worse by an increasing adoption of information technology that networks and connects the information infrastructure in businesses. Hard economic times are also tempting employees to engage in fraud. This paper will review the benefits of a comprehensive fraud control program and give a conclusion at the end. Fraud is a big problem even for large established global corporations; consider the case of dell Computer Corporation. In 2007, it had to redo its financial reports between 2003 and 2006 due to a deliberate manipulation of figures to meet quarterly budgetary targets. John Rigas, former chairman and founder of Adelphi Communications and his son Timothy who served as the CFO (Chief financial Officer) at Delphi were convicted for massive fraud in 2007 (Stanek, 2007). This illustrates the extent of fraud in organizations where even the senior leaders who are supposed to be role models actually initiate and commit heinous acts of corporate fraud. However, a comprehensive fraud monitoring system can come in handy to help detect and therefore help an organization reduce its risk to fraud. Comprehensive fraud monitoring involves the use of technology that incorporates forensic techniques to analyze data and information paths regularly to detect anomalies, to detect fraudulent acts while the re is still time to stop or mitigate the fraud. An effective fraud monitoring system is difficult to achieve by using the existing requirements and regulations necessitating the need for a comprehensive fraud monitoring system especially where senior management can be involved in fraud. A comprehensive fraud monitoring system continuously and constantly monitors happenings in a company’s financial system tracing the movement of cash, which can be used to trace back or detect potential fraud. A